Mount Damavand Basic Facts

Diverse Landscapes and Surrounding Wonders
The ecological diversity of Damavand is remarkable. Its slopes range from lush forests at lower elevations to alpine meadows and harsh high-altitude terrain near the summit. Natural features such as glaciers (Yakhar, Sioleh, and Dobi Sel) and sulfur vents highlight its volcanic nature. The climate is shaped by both the moist Caspian influence to the north and the drier central plateau to the south, creating striking contrasts in the surrounding landscapes. Beyond the peak, attractions such as the Larijan Thermal Hot Springs and the pristine Lar National Park invite visitors to enjoy the area’s natural beauty, wildlife, and rich biodiversity.

Recognition and Global Significance
At 5,671 meters (18,606 feet) above sea level, Damavand is the highest mountain in Iran and the Middle East, and one of the most prominent peaks worldwide with a topographic prominence of 4,667 meters (15,312 feet). Its striking profile has made it a symbol of natural grandeur, while its enduring presence continues to inspire poets, artists, and travelers. As a designated natural heritage site, Damavand remains a source of national identity and international recognition.

A Natural Treasure of Iran
From its snow-covered summit and unique ecosystems to its cultural significance in Persian tradition, Mount Damavand stands as a true natural treasure of Iran. Its beauty, prominence, and symbolic role make it a landmark admired both nationally and internationally, embodying the spirit and heritage of the Iranian landscape.

Ranking & Prominence

• Highest peak in Iran and the Middle East.
• Tallest volcano in Asia.
• One of the most prominent peaks in the world (prominence: 4,667 m / 15,312 ft).

Names & Alternate Spellings

• Persian (Farsi): Koh-e Damavand, Donbalvand, Dood Koh, Qolleh Damavand, Dive Sepid, Koh-e Ghaf.
• English: Mount Damavand, Damavand Peak, Volcano Damavand, Damavand Volcano.
• Alternate Spellings: Damawand, Demavand, Demavend, Donbavand.

Cultural Significance

• Important symbol in Persian mythology, literature, and folklore.
• Represents endurance, resilience, and national pride.

Historical Notes

• Unrecorded ascents likely in ancient times.
• First recorded climb: 1837 by W.T. Thomson.

Resources

• Damavand Info – most informative resource.
• Mount Damavand Guide – updated travel and mountain information.

Quick Facts about Damavand

• Volcanic Age: Formed during the Holocene Epoch, approximately 10,000 years ago.
• Volcanic Activity: Last major eruption about 7,300 years ago; currently dormant with visible fumaroles and sulfur vents.
• Features: Snowcapped cone, small summit crater, glaciers, hot springs, sulfur deposits, and travertine formations.
• Climate: Humid continental, with hot summers, cold winters, and mild transitional seasons. Average annual temperature around 9.6°C.
• Cultural Significance: A sacred mountain in Persian mythology and literature, symbolizing strength and endurance. Some legends link it with Noah’s Ark.
• Wildlife Protection: Recognized as a protected zone by the Iranian government for its ecological importance.
• Scientific Research: Studied by institutions such as the University of Tehran, with focus on its glaciers and the impact of climate change.
• Recognition: Tallest peak in Iran and the Middle East; tallest volcano in Asia; part of the Volcanic Seven Summits (V7S).

Volcanic Activity of Mount Damavand, Iran

Environmental Concerns

Mount Damavand, as Iran’s national natural symbol, faces environmental challenges such as overgrazing, littering, and unsustainable tourism. Since 2002, it has been listed as a protected natural heritage site under the Iranian Environmental Protection Agency. Local communities, NGOs, and environmentalists continue to advocate for stronger conservation measures, including official recognition of a “Damavand National Day” to raise awareness and preserve this unique landmark for future generations.

Geography and Location

Damavand rises to 5,671 meters (18,606 ft) in the central Alborz Mountains, about 70–80 km northeast of Tehran. Its snowy summit can be seen from distances of up to 250 km on clear days. The mountain overlooks the Caspian Sea to the north and the arid central plateau of Iran to the south, offering panoramic views across diverse landscapes.

Summary

Mount Damavand is not only the highest peak in Iran but also a cultural and ecological treasure. With its unique geological history, mythological importance, and environmental significance, Damavand stands as a symbol of natural grandeur and national pride. As Asia’s highest volcano, it continues to inspire scientists, poets, and nature lovers alike.

Is Mount Damavand the Highest Volcano in Asia?

Rising to 5,670 meters (18,600 feet) with a topographic prominence of 4,667 meters (15,312 feet), Mount Damavand is officially recognised as the tallest volcano in Asia and the 12th most prominent peak in the world. Some sources, such as Volcanolive and Summitpost, have raised questions about whether certain peaks in the Kunlun Mountains of Tibet could surpass Damavand in height. These debates largely revolve around how a “true volcano” is defined, especially in terms of prominence. Despite the discussion, Damavand’s status as an iconic natural landmark and symbol of Iran remains undisputed.

Flora and Fauna of Mount Damavand

Damavand’s slopes are home to a surprisingly diverse ecosystem shaped by altitude and climate. On the lower slopes, where conditions are milder and wetter, vegetation thrives. Juniper trees, shrubs, and a wide range of wildflowers create colourful landscapes, especially in spring and early summer. Higher up, the environment grows harsher and only hardy alpine plants and grasses survive.

Wildlife is equally varied. The foothills and mid-altitudes host wild goats, foxes, hares, and numerous bird species, including eagles, hawks, and smaller songbirds. Reptiles and amphibians are also common in these areas. At higher elevations, fewer animals endure the extreme conditions, though rare sightings of wolves, brown bears, and smaller mammals add to the mountain’s mystique. This unique mix of flora and fauna reflects how life adapts to Damavand’s changing climates and altitudes, making it both an ecological treasure and a natural wonder.

Both mountains have a perfect cone shape and are loved for their beauty. They show the strong link between nature and culture in their countries and attract visitors from everywhere.

Fuji or Damavand? How to Tell the Difference

On the internet, some pictures of Mount Fuji are wrongly called Mount Damavand. The mistake is easy to spot: Fuji has a lake and towns near its base, but Damavand does not.

Because of their similar cone shape, many people compare the two. Some even call Fuji the “little sister of Damavand.” Still, each mountain has its own place in history and culture and is loved in both Iran and Japan.

Zahhak: The Dragon King

Another well-known legend tied to Damavand is the story of Zahhak, an evil king described in Ferdowsi’s epic Shahnameh. Zahhak had snakes growing from his shoulders, which demanded human brains as food, bringing terror to the people. The hero Fereydun rose against him, defeated him, and chained him deep inside a cave on Mount Damavand. It is said that the mountain’s smoke and rumblings are signs of Zahhak still struggling in his prison.

Through these stories, Damavand is seen not just as a mountain, but as a symbol of sacrifice, resistance, and the triumph of good over evil.

Arash the Archer – Persian Version

In Persian sources, Arash is described as a hero from the army of King Manuchehr. After the war with Turan, he was chosen to shoot an arrow from Damavand to define the border between Persia and Turan. Arash gave his life in this act, and the arrow is said to have landed far to the east. Places near the landing spot, such as a walnut tree and surrounding valleys, are still associated with his legend. Arash remains a symbol of bravery, self-sacrifice, and national pride in Iranian culture.

Key Points About Arash

• Also called: Arash Kamangir, Arash the Archer, Āraš-e Kamāngīr
• Famous for his legendary long-distance arrow shot
• Symbolizes courage, patriotism, and self-sacrifice
• Celebrated in festivals such as Tirgan, a traditional Iranian holiday